Author(s)

R. Khatibi, J. Haywood, A. Akhondi-Asl, C. Whitlow, P. Wade & T. Harrison

Abstract

The "closed architecture" philosophy inherent in many existing flood-forecasting systems is restrictive, where innovative off-the-shelf components cannot be directly "plugged in" to existing systems. Although, customised solutions for flood-forecasting systems are feasible through the "open architecture" philosophy, the development of a flood forecasting system with open architecture marks a radical shift from current practices. An insight into the problem can be gained through systems science concepts of "hard systems" and "soft systems." The paper argues that the transformation from

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